Everything about Monera totally explained
Monera are bacteria and other mostly tiny, single-celled organisms whose genetic material is loose in the cell. The genetic material of
plants,
animals, and other
eukaryotes (
true nucleus), on the other hand, is held in the cell's nucleus. While the Monera were briefly understood to be one of
five biological kingdoms, it's now understood to comprise two kingdoms: the eubacteria and the archaebacteria. The Monera kingdom included most organisms with a
prokaryotic cell organization (that is, no nucleus). For this reason, the kingdom was sometimes called
Prokaryota or
Prokaryotae.
Recent
DNA and
RNA sequence analyses has demonstrated that there are two major groups of prokaryotes, the
Bacteria and
Archaea, which don't appear to be closer in relationship to each other than they're to the
Eukaryotes. Thus, Monera has since been divided into Archaea and
Bacteria, forming the more recent
six-kingdom system and
three-domain system. All new schemes abandon the Monera and now treat the Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya as separate domains or kingdoms.
Prior to the five-kingdom model with its Monera kingdom, these organisms were classified as two separate divisions of
plants: the Schizomycetes (
bacteria) were considered
fungi, and the Cyanophyta were considered blue-green
algae. The latter are now considered a group of
bacteria, typically called the
cyanobacteria and are now known not to be closely related to
plants,
fungi, or
animals.
History
Traditionally organisms were classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral as in
Systema Naturae. After the discovery of
microscopy, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdom. In 1866
Ernst Haeckel proposed a three kingdom system which added Protista as a new kingdom that contained most microscopic organisms. One of his eight major divisions of Protista was called Moneres. Haeckel's Moneres subcategory included known bacterial groups such as
Vibrio. Haeckel's Protista kingdom also included eukaryotic organisms now classified as
Protist. It was later decided that Haeckel's Protista kingdom had proven to be too diverse to be seriously considered one single kingdom.
In 1969,
Robert Whittaker published a proposed five kingdom system for classification of living organisms. Whittaker's system placed most single celled organisms into either the prokaryotic Monera or the eukaryotic Protista. The other three kingdoms in his system were the eukaryotic Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.
Summary
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